U.S. Senate Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, of the Committee on the Judiciary.
May 4, 1960
TESTIMONY
OF ANDRES JOSE RIVERO-AGUERO
(THROUGH
INTERPRETER)
Senator KEATING. Would you raise your right hand, Mr. Rivero-Aguero? Do you solemnly swear that the evidence you give in this proceeding will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help yo God? Do you speak English? Do you understand English?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. No,
sir, to both questions.
Senator
KEATING (to the interpreter). Then I want you to repeat the oath to him
in Spanish. I want him to know what he is swearing to.
Do
you solemnly swear that the evidence which you give in this proceeding
will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help
you God?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
do.
Mr.
SOURWINE. You are a native of Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Native.
Senator
KEATING. I want to ask the witness, does it disturb the witness to have
photographers taking his picture while he is speaking? If it does, we will
have them take them now and then leave.
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. No,
I am not bothered.
Senator
KEATING. He has been in political life, so I guess he wouldn't.
All
right, proceed, Counsel.
Mr.
SOURWINE. You are a graduate of the University of Havana?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes,
sir.
Mr.
SOURWINE. You have been a lawyer and a professor of philosophy?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUFERO. Doctor of Philosophy and Letters and of Law.
Mr.
SOURWINE. You have been a professor?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes,
sir; I have been also a professor.
Mr.
SOURWINE. You were elected to the Cuban House of Representatives?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes,
sir; I was a senator.
Mr.
SOURWINE. In what year?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. From
1954 until 1958 I was elected senator in Cuba.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Are you a former Minister of Agriculture of Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. In
1940.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Are you a former Minister to the President of Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Was
I a Minister?
Mr.
SOURWINE. Were you ever in the President's Cabinet, in the Cabinet of the
President of Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
was Minister of Agriculture and Prime Minister.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Prime Minister. When was that?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. From
1957 until 1958.
Mr.
SOURWINE. This was under Batista?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes,
while Batista was President.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Did you run for the Presidency of Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. During
the year of 1958 I was a candidate for the Presidency of Cuba..
Mr.
SOURWINE. Were you a candidate of the Bastista party?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
was a candidate for the four parties of the government at that time.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Were you supported by the Batista party?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes,
sir.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Were you elected?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes.
In the elections of November 3.
Mr.
SOURWINE. What year?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. 1958.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Did you ever take office?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. In
accordance with the constitution, I was supposed to take office on February
24, and the Government fell on January 1, the 1st of January of 1959.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Are you still a supporter of Batista?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
support him in what sense?
Senator
KEATING. Would you like to see Batista returned to power in Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
don't think that the history repeats itself. I think history will try to
improve itself.
Senator
KEATING. Well, that is .a very well-worded answer but I am very interested
to know whether you are in favor of the return of Batista to power in Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. What
I am against is that Fidel Castro stay in power.
Mr.
SOURWINE. You are against Castro but you are not against Batista. Is that
a fair statement?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. My
position is that I am militant or I militate in those parties which at
that time supported Bastista, and I still maintain that same ideology because
I cannot support the ideology of Castro because at this time Castro is
accusing the U.S. Government that they are calling to testify before this
committee war criminals and not only do I not accept the qualification
but to who I accuse to be a murderer is Castro and for he to explain to
the Cuban people why he murders my brother, that he was but a mere laborer
in a factory.
Senator
KEATING. I can understand your concern over what has happened to your own
family. These questions are put to you for the purpose of weighing your
testimony.
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Is
it in respect to the government of Castro?
Senator
KEATING. I have no further questions at this point. I sought this information
in order to know what weight should be given to the testimony of this witness.
The
INTERPRETER. Should I translate that?
Senator
KEATING. Yes.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Do you know the present President of Cuba, Dr. Dorticos?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Personally,
no.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Did you know him as a public figure in 1948?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. They
told me that he was a candidate for the Communist Party in 1948.
Mr.
SOURWINE Whom do you mean by "they"?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. That
he was militant with the Communist Party?
Mr.
SOURWINE. No. Who told you that Dorticos ran on the Communist Party ticket?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Nobody
told me. It was a matter of public fact that he was militant with the Communist
Party and ran for Presidency in 1948.
Senator
KEATING. Then you know that. You were not told by someone else. You were
told that to be a fact.
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
have never formed part of an investigation unit, but it is common knowledge
in Cuba that Dr. Dorticos was a militant within the Communist Party.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Do you remember testifying in executive session before this committee?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes,
I remember.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Did you tell us that Fidel Castro had declared he would not hold
elections in Cuba until all Cubans are literate?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Exactly;
I do. If you permit me to go into more explanation, I will.
Senator
KEATING. Proceed.
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. For
me to evaluate this information, I simply take the speech of Fidel Castro
of the 1st of May of this year in which he stated that the Cuban democracy,
he say, direct democracy, which is exercised by laborers, farmers, and
professionals, that it is the same system which exists in the Communist
regimes. Besides, Castro alleged that a president--he didn't mention him
but it was President Betancourt of Venezuela--that had referred recently
to the democratic governments that have no other origin but to make them
representative governments, and Castro answering to this pronunciation
of Dr. Betancourt of Venezuela and the Congress that was celebrated in
proper Venezuela in the sense of the free world, where it appeared ex-President
Figueres, Governor Marin--Cuba was represented by Drs. Sanchez Arango and
Antonio Varona, to find a democratic out to the Cuban problem.
Castro
took advantage of the speech of May 1, the 1st of May, Labor's Day, to
state that the democratic government is that which is exercised directly
by the laborers and farmers without having to go to the elected government
and then he states that the elections and the consequences of the elections
and the representatives of the elections are not but mere maneuvers to
make a fraud upon the people.
I
would like to add something more.
Senator
KEATING. Well, we have a lot of witnesses to call and we know that there
are differences in ideology between this witness and Mr. Castro, but that
is incidental in this proceeding. We are after some facts in this proceeding.
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
would like to add something, or I would like you to ask me for facts.
Senator
KEATING. Proceed.
Mr.
SOURWINE Do you know what proportion of the people of Cuba are literate
today?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Literate?
Mr.
SOURWINE. Literate. What proportion of the people of Cuba can read and
write?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Cuba
occupies the fifth place of the continental alphabetization. The first
place is kept by the United States. Second is Uruguay. Third is Costa Rica.
Fourth is Argentina. In figures they indicate 17 percent that do not write
or read and 83 percent that can write and read.
Senator
KEATING. Were those the figures that you gave in the executive session?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. No,
no, because then I don't understand what is the exact question.
Senator
KEATING. Proceed, counsel.
Mr.
SOURWINE. The record will speak on this.
Do
you have knowledge respecting prominent persons in Cuba who are known to
be Communists?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Yes.
Mr.
SOURWINE. You named certain persons to the committee in executive session
whom you said were militant Communists.
Mr.
RIVERO?AGUERO. Yes.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Did you tell us that of your own knowledge or were you speaking
of what you have here called general public knowledge?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
just said it in the general sense because really I have no means of information
myself. If they were to ask me for the card, Communist card, for the people
governing now Cuba, I will have to say that they don't carry a card.
Senator
KEATING. Proceed to something else.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Yes. We will proceed to something else.
Do
you have information respecting repression of the church in Cuba?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. Well,
I know because some of the members of the Catholic Church are now here
in the United States, but it is also a universal knowledge that Communists
cannot exist or coexist with the Catholic Church.
Mr.
SOURWINE. Specifically, have Catholic schools, or universities, been closed
by order of the Government?
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. I
have no such knowledge. I believe that the fathers who are here, they are
better qualified to testify.
Mr.
SOURWINE. If the witness disqualifies himself, I am not going to ask any
more questions on that point.
I
have no more questions.
Senator
KEATING. The witness is excused.
Mr.
RIVERO?AGUERO. I
would like to say just a couple of words, if I may. Two words.
Senator
KEATING. We want to have it if it is factual. We don't want any political
speeches here because that is not the purpose of this committee.
Mr.
RIVERO-AGUERO. No.
I wish to state that I am now testifying before the U.S. Senate because
I believe that there is a Communist government in my country. Otherwise
I would not be here.
Senator
KEATING. We appreciate that.
Thank
you very much.