A Historic Figure Is Still Hated by Many in Mexico
By CLIFFORD KRAUSS
MEXICO CITY -- There is no museum at 57 Higuera St., not even a plaque.
When foreign
tourists ring the doorbell of the stone house, they are shooed away by
the owners. Mexicans just walk right by, shunning the
place because
of its historical associations and popular fears of the ghosts that supposedly
stalk any visitors who dare to go inside.
But the house,
which is one of the most graceful in the colonial neighborhood of Coyoacan,
receives a modest mention in tourist
guidebooks as
"La Malinche's house," named after Hernan Cortes' beautiful and reputedly
treacherous Indian translator and mistress.
Not only did
La Malinche live in the house almost 500 years ago. This was also the place
where Cortes wrote the chronicles of his brutal
conquests for
King Charles V, and where historians believe he strangled his wife for
reasons that are still the stuff of popular rumor and
historical speculation.
Mexico City has
museums that commemorate its modern art, its Indian heritage, stamps, and
even the house where Leon Trotsky lived
and was assassinated.
But the only commemorative to the woman who helped Cortes forge alliances
with various Indian nations against
the Aztecs is
an insult.
To be called a malinchista is to be called a lover of foreigners, a traitor.
"For Mexico to
make this house a museum, would be like the people of Hiroshima creating
a monument for the man who dropped the
atomic bomb,"
said Rina Lazo, a prominent Mexican muralist who lives at 57 Higuera Street
with her family. "We're not malinchistas, but
we want to conserve
Mexican history."
La Malinche,
who took part in the Spanish conquest and gave birth to one of Cortes'
children, has become a symbol of a nation that is still
not entirely
comfortable with either its European or its Indian roots.
Some Mexican
feminists say she is even at the root of much of the disdain Mexican men
display toward Mexican women, expressed in the
country's high
rates of infidelity and domestic violence.
La Malinche is
present in the murals of Diego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco. She has
been described and analyzed in the writings of
most of Mexico's
great authors, from the essays of Carlos Fuentes to the plays of Salvador
Novo and Rodolfo Usigli.
But even though
Mexican and Mexican-American intellectuals have begun to rethink her meaning,
La Malinche is for the most part
portrayed as
the perpetrator of Mexico's original sin and as a cultural metaphor for
all that is wrong with Mexico.
For Octavio Paz,
La Malinche was "the cruel incarnation of the feminine condition." In his
book "The Labyrinth of Solitude," Paz wrote,
"The strange
permanence of Cortes and La Malinche in the Mexican's imagination and sensibilities
reveals that they are something more
than historical
figures: They are symbols of a secret conflict that we have still not resolved."
But while Cortes
and La Malinche are still on the minds of Mexicans, they are kept in the
closet. When Coyoacan officials constructed a
fountain and
statue depicting Cortes, La Malinche and their son about 15 years ago,
street demonstrations became so fierce that the
monument was
destroyed.
Visitors who
are lucky enough to gain entrance to 57 Higuera Street are treated to an
array of riches. Ms. Lazo and her husband, Arturo
Garcia Bustos,
who is also a prominent painter, use the ample two-story house as their
studio. Amid their own work and that of their
teachers, Diego
Rivera and Frida Kahlo, are Aztec jade jewelry and other artifacts they
found in the garden.
The house sustained
a rich history between the time La Malinche lived there and when Ms. Lazo
and Garcia Bustos moved in 35 years
ago. It has
been restored and rebuilt several times, but the foundation and several
walls remain from the original house, and stone rings to
tie idle horses
still grace the facade.
In colonial times, Indians wove blankets and clothing in the house for their Spanish masters. It was left in ruins in the 17th century.
But a group of
Catholic monks clandestinely converted the house into a convent in the
middle of the 19th century, resisting the anti-clerical
policies of
President Benito Juarez. Some peasants betrayed the monks, and the house
was confiscated and turned into a prison.
Jose Vasconcelos,
the Mexican philosopher and unsuccessful presidential candidate, bought
the house in the '30s and rented it to various
people, including
Lupe Rivera Marin, Diego Rivera's daughter. She used the house as headquarters
when she successfully ran for
Congress.
"It will take
another century before this house could become a museum," Ms. Lazo said.
"The gringos and Spaniards will keep knocking
on the door,
but the Mexicans will only knock when they no longer hold grudges and feel
resentments, and that will take time."