711 AD Morrish incursion into Spain begins
914 Decline of classic Maya culture
1000 Norsemen reach North America
1200s Moors expelled from Portugal. Moors in Spain restricted to the Emirate of Granada.
1280s Catalan voyages to north-west Africa, and possibily a Genoese visit to the Canaries
1319-50 Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco, the Aztec capital, begins to rise.
1393 Castilian exploration of Canaries
1410s First caravels built in Iberian peninsula
1415 Portuguese capture of Ceuta in North America
1420s Portuguese settle Madeira
1420s Formation of the Triple Alliance, the basis of Aztec expansion
1427 Definitive discovery of the Azores by the Portuguese
1440s Start of Inca imperial expansion
1444 Portuguese Cape Verde, westernmost point of Africa
1460s Substantial settlement of Azores by Portugal
1469 Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
1479 Treaty of Alcácovas:
Castile's rights to the Canaries, and Portugal's to the Azores,
Cape Verdes, and Madeira, mutually accepted
1484 Birth of Bartolomé de la Casas in Seville
1487 Dedication of the Great Temple in Tenochtitlan
1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounds southern Africa, for Portugal
1492 Spanish conquest of Granada; Columbus's first voyage to America
1493 Columbus's second voyage; settlement of Hispaniola
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas: Castile
and Portugal partition exploration and exploitation of the
world (Portugal, east of c.50 degrees west; Castile, west of that meridian)
1496 Foundation of Santo Domingo, as capital of Hispaniola
1497-9 First Portuguese voyage to India around south of Africa, led by Vasco da Gama
1498 Columbus's third voyage; first certain European sighting of a South American coast
1500 World map of Juan de la Cosa.
Pedro Alvares Cabral, commanding second Portugese
fleet bound for India, lands on Brazilian coast
1500-2 East coast of South America surveyed by Amerigo
Vespucci. Portuguese exploration
of Brazilian coast.
1500-38 Rome grants to the Spanish monarchy patronage and other
controls over the Church of
America
1502-4 Columbus's fourth voyage: east coast of Central America surveyed
1502-9 Administration of Nicolás de Ovando, "founding" governor of Hispaniola
1503 Casa de Contratación founded in Seville; First sugar mill built in Hispaniola
1504 Death of Isabella. First French ship on Brazilian coast
1506 Death of Columbus
1507 World map of Martin Waldseemüller, showing "America"
1508 From Hispaniola, Juan Ponce de León take Puerto Rico
1509 From Hispaniola, Juan de Esquivel
takes Jamaica, and Alonso de Hojeda leads an
expedition to the Venezuelan and Colombian coast
1511 First Spanish town on the American
mainland: Santa María la Antigua de Darién.
Conquest of Cuba, from Hispaniola. Audiencia established at Santo
Domingo, the first in
America. Sermon of Antonio de Montesinos,OP, in Santo Domingo, criticizing
colonists'
treatment of the Indians
1512 Arrival of first bishop (of
Caparra, Hispaniola) in Americas. Laws of Burgos, regulation
of Spanish treatment of Indians
1513 Juan Ponce de León claims
Florida for Spain. Vasco Núñez de Balboa crosses the
Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific; See of Darien created
1516 Death of Ferdinand of Aragon.
Accession to the Spanish throne of Charles I (from 1519,
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor); Bartolomé de las Casas named Protector
of the
Indians. Fortified Portuguese trading post founded at Pernambuco; first
indication of sugar
cultivation in Brazil
1516-18 Spanish reconnaissance from Cuba of eastern Mexican coast
1519 Cities of Panama and Veracruz founded
1518-21 Hernán Cortés conquers the Aztecs for Spain
1518-22 First circumnavigation of globe, by Magellan's expedition
1522 Papal letter Omnimoda
entrusts evangelization of natives in Spanish America to
regular clergy
1523-6 Cortés is official governor of New Spain (i.e. Mexico)
1524 Arrival of first bureaucrats
(treasury officials) in Mexico. Foundation of the
Council of the Indies
1526 See of Tlaxcala, the first in Mexico, created
1527 First audiencia established
in Mexico City (refounded with new judges in1530).
See of Mexico City Created
1528-30 Cortés in Spain. He is named Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca
1529 Treaty of Zaragoza: Tordesillas
line projected into the Pacific at c. 145 degrees east. First
sugar mill built in Mexico
1530 First silver strikes in Mexico
1530s Treadle looms imported in Mexico
1532 Vasco de Quiroga's first hospital,
Santa Fe de los Altos, founded near MexicoCity.
Settlement at São Vicente by Martim Afonso de Sousa; settlement
also inland, at
Piratininga
1531-6 Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incas for Spain
1530s Brazil divided into captaincies
1535 Arrival in Mexico of the first, and founding, viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza
1537 First Peruvian see created, at Cuzco
1538 Foundation of Santa Fe de Bogotá.
Audiencia placed at City of Panama (established
1564) . Probable date of first shipment of African slaves to Brazil
1540 First sugar mills built in Peru
1540 Cortés returns to Spain from Mexico
1541 Foundation of Santiago de Chile;
permanent Spanish settlement of Chile begins.
Assassination of Francisco Pizarro in Lima by Almagrists. See of Lima created
1542 Permanent foundation of Guadaljara,
in western Mexico. Promulgation of the New Laws,
reforming Spanish government in America, and controlling the encomienda
1543 Audiencias established in Lima and Guatemala
1544 First viceroy, Blasco Núñez
Vela, arrives in Peru. Revolt of Peruvian colonists, under
Gonzalo Pizarro, begins
1545 Silver ores found at Potosí
1544-64 Council of Trent
1545 Silver ores found at Zacatecas: start of mining in northern Mexico
1546 Death of Cortés in Spain.
Audiencia established at Guadalajara. Grammar of Nahuatl the
first of Mexican language, produced by Andrés de Olmos, OFM
1547 Defeat and execution of Gonzalo
Pizarro: end of Peruvian rebellion against royal rule. See
of Guadalajara created
1548-9 Tomé de Sousa appointed and installed
as governor general of Brazil; foundation
of town of Salvador (Bahia) as capital; arrival of Jesuits; appointment
of first ouvidor
geral
1548-50 Government of Peru by Pedro de la Gasca
1548 Royal ban on servicio personal
by Indians (i.e. the use of Indians in encomienda for
labor)
1550 Debate between Las Casas and Sepúlveda at Valladolid in Spain
1550 Beginning, in Mexico, of state-imposed draft labor by Indians
1555 Beginning of silver refining by amalgamation in Mexico
1555-67 French colony of "Antarctic France" at Rio de Janeiro
1556 Abdication of Charles V (died 1558). Accession to Spanish throne of Philip II
1557-72 Governorship of Mem de Sá
1559 Audiencia established
at La Plata. Beginning of royally approved sale of office (notarial
posts) in Spanish America
1560s First serious epidemics of Old World diseases in Brazil
1563 Audiencia established atQuito
1565 Northerly return route from east Asia to America found by Andrés de Urdaneta
1566 Death of Las Casas. Beginning of Dutch revolt against Spanish rule
1568 First Jesuits in Spanish America, at Lima
1568-81 Administration of Don Francisco de Toledo, fifth, but "founding," viceroy of Peru
1570 Indians declared free by Sebastião, king of Portugal
1570-1 Tribunals of the Inquisition set up in Lima (1570) and Mexico City (1571)
1571 Silver refining by amalgamation begins at Potosí
1573 Ordinances for New Discovery and Settlement
1574 Ordinance of Patronage (Ordenanza del Patronazgo)
1575-1617 Life of Isabel Flores de Oliva (Santa Rosa de Lima)
1578 Death of King Sebastião at Alcácer Quibir
1580-1640 Portugal and its empire under Spanish rule 1583 Audiencia established at Manila
1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada sent against England
1590s Rise of foreign incursions into the Caribbean
Late 1590s First Dutch settlers on Guiana coast of South Africa
1598 Death of Philip II of Spain. Accession of Philip III
1600 Beginning of slave-raiding bandeiras from São Paulo
1606 Royal decree permitting purchase
of almost all local offices. Beginning of Silver boom at
Oruro (lasting until c.1630). Founding of first Brizillian relacão,
at Salvador
1608-21 Truce between Spain and the Dutch
1610 Three-roller sugar mill introduced into Brazil
1610 First Jesuits reductions (missions) among Guaraní in Paraguay
1681 Life of Diego Quispe Tito, prime early painter of the Cuzco school
1615 French finally driven away from Brazil
1621 Death of Philip III of Spain.
Accession of Philip IV. Foundation of Dutch West India
Company. Maranhão declared a separate "state" of Portuguese America.
1624 English seize St Kitt's in Leeward
1628 Piet Heyn captures a Spanish treasure fleet off Cape Matanzas (Cuba)
1630 Dutch capture of Recife: beginning of Dutch occupation of north east Brazil
1633 Beginning of sale of fiscal offices in Spanish America
1634 Dutch seize Curacao
1635 French seize Martinique and Guadeloupe
1636-9 Expedition of Pedro Teixeira from northern Brazil
to Quito and back: Brazil's boundary
extended far westward
1636-44 Brazilian administration of Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen
1640 Portuguese revolt against Spanish rule
1640 Beginning of large-scale sugar planting in non-Spanish Caribbean Islands
1648?-95 Life of Juana Ramírez de Asbaje (Sor Juana Inén de la Cruz
1649 General Brazil Trading Company founded
1649-1700 Large inland movement of cattle
1654 Dutch leave Brazil
1655 English seize Jamaica
1660s English settlement of mouth of Belize river
1661 Revolt of citizens of São Luís against Jesuits
1665 Death of Philip IV of Spain.
Accession of Charles II. France sends official governor to
Tortuga: beginning of colony of St. Domingue, later Haiti
1669 Fortress built at São José de Rio Negr, at confluence of Negro and Solimões rivers
1677 Sale of corregimientos and alcaldias mayores permitted
1679-93 Revolt of Pueblo Indians in New Mexico
1687 Audiencia offices put up for sale
Mid-1690s Gold found in Minas Gerais
1700 Death of Charles II, final Habsburg ruler of Spain
1701 Accession of Philip V, first Bourbon king of Spain
1700-14 War of the Spanish Succession
1703 Methuen Treaty
1711-13 Peace of Utrecht
1710 Zacatecas overtakes Potosí in silver production
1714 Ministry of the Indies created by Philip V
1717 Casa de Contratación moved from Seville to Cadiz
1720s Diamonds found in Minas Gerais
1724 Founding of the Academy of
the Forgotten(Academia Brasílica dos Esquecidos) at
Salvador, first of several Brazilian intellectual academies of the eighteenth
century
1728 Caracas (or Guipúzcoa) Company founded in Spain
1730 Mestizo-led rising at Cochabamba
1739 Viceroyalty of New Granada established. Rising at Oruro, opposing tax increases
1739-48 Wars of Jenkins's Ear and of Austrian Succession
1742 Beginning of Juan Santos Atahualpa's rising in Peruvian Andes
1743 New System of Economic Government of America, By José del Campillo y Cossío
1744 Captaincy of Goiás created
1746 Our Lady of Guadalupe proclaimed
patroness of New Spain. Death of Philip V.
Accession of Ferdinand VI.
1748 Last sailing of galeones to Isthmus of Panama. Captaincy of Mato Grosso created
1752 Relacão of Rio de Janeiro created
1755 Lisbon earthquake. Beginning
of the reform program of the Marquis of Pombal creation
of Board of Trade, and of Pará and Maranhão Company
1756-63 Seven Years War
1759 Death of Ferdinand VI. Accession
of Charles III. Creation of Pernambuco and Paraíba
Company. Jesuits expelled from Portuguese territories
1763 Peace of Paris. Capital of Brazil shifted from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro
1764 First American ports opened
to single ship trade. First intendant placed in America
(Cuba)
1765 Rising in Quito against growing fiscal pressure
1765-71 Gálvez's inspection of New Spain
1766 Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish territories
1775-83 War of American Independence
1776 Last flota sails to New Spain. Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata established
1777 Arrival in Peru of José Antonio de Areche as general inspector. Fall of Pombal
1778 "Regulations and Royal Tariffs
for Free Trade between Spain and America" promulgated.
Treaty of San Ildefonso, fixing southern boundaries of Brazil. Birth of
José de San Martín
1778-9 The Inconfidência Mineira in Brazil (Tiradentes' plot)
1779-81 Revolt led by Túpac Amaru II in Peruvian
Andes. Clavijero's Ancient History of
Mexico
1781 Siege of La Paz (Bolivia) by Túpac Katari. Comunero revolt in New Granada
1783 Birth of Simón Bolívar
1785 Foundation of the Academia de San Carlos (of the fine arts) in Mexico City
1787-8 Audiencia established at Cuzco
1788 Death of Charles III. Accession of Charles IV
1790-1873 Life of José Antonio Páez, caudillo in Venezuela
1791 Slave revolt in Saint Domingue (Haiti)
1792-1877 Life of Juan Manuel de Rosas, caudillo in Río de la Plata
1793-1876 Life of Antonio López de Santa Anna, caudillo in Mexico
1795 Peace of Basle between France and Spain
1797 Spain forced to allow colonies to trade with neutral countries
1798 "Tailors' Plot" in Salvador
1803 Louisiana sold by Napoleon Bonaparte to the United States
1804 Seizure by the crown of the church's obras pias in America
1805 French-Spanish naval defeat at Trafalgar by Britain
1806 Miranda tries, and fails, to start rebellion
1807 Franco-Spanish invasion of Portugal
1808 Abdication of Charles IV. Accession,
and exile, of Ferdinand VII. French occupation of
Spain. Joseph I placed on Spanish throne by Napoleon. British expeditionary
force sent to
Spain. Emergence of Spanish national junta. Viceroy deposed in New Spain
by Audiencia
of Mexico. Arrival of Portuguese royal family in Río de Janeiro
1809 Risings in Buenos Aires and Quito
1809-10 Independence declared in La Paz (Bolivia), but quickly suppressed by Spanish forces
1810 Declaration of self-government
in Caracas, Santiago de Chile, and Buenos Aires (effective
permanent independence of Río de la Plata). Viceroy deposed in New
Granada. Return of
Miranda to Venezuela. In Mexico, the "Grito de Dolores," multiple risings
in the north.
Treaty of Navigation and Commerce between Great Britain and government
in Brazil
1809-14 Deliberations of Cortes (Parliament of Cadiz)
1810 Defeat, and execution, of Hidalgo
in Mexico. Effective achievement of independence by
Paraguay. French expelled from Portugal
1811 Constitution of Cadiz
1812 French expelled from Spain. Morelos captures Acapulco
1813 Ferdinand restored to Spanish throne. First Mexican constitution issued, at Apatzingán
1814 Final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Execution of Morelos. Brazil raised to status of
kingdom, constitutionally equal with Portugal
1815 Death of Miranda
1816 Battle Chacabuco. Republic of Pernambuco briefly declared in Brazil
1817 Battle of Maipú. Independence of Chile
1818 Battle of Boyacá. Independence of Colombia
1819 San Martín lands on
Peruvian coast, at Pisco. Military revolt in Spain, and restoration
there of liberal constitution of 1812. In Portugal, military revolt, adoption
of Spanish
constitution of 1812, and declaration of constitutional monarchy
1820 Battle of Carabobo. Independence
of Venezuela. San Martín named Protector of Peru.
Plan of Iguala in Mexico, and subsequent independence. Return of John VI
from Brazil to
Portugal
1821 Battle of Pichincha. Independence
of Ecuador. Confidential meeting of Bolívar and San
Martín at Guayaquil, and San Martín's withdrawl from the
independence movement. In
Brazil, proclamation of Peter I as emperor, and independence
1822 Enunciation of Monroe Doctrine
1823 Battles of Junín and
Ayacucho. Independence of Peru. Ferderalist constitution in Mexico,
and beginning of first federalist republic (ended 1836). Centralist, monarchical
constitution
in Brazil. Unsuccessful separatist movement in Pernambuco
1824 Independence of Bolivia
1825 Imperial Academy of Fine Art founded in Río de Janeiro
1827-8 Anglo-Brazilian treaty ending slave imports into Brazil (ineffective until 1851)
1828 Effective independence of Uruguay
1830 Death of Bolívar
1831 Abdication of Peter I in Brazil
1831-3 First modern factory built in Latin America (a powered cotton mill near Puebla in Mexico)
1835 Academy of Painting and Sculpture founded in Caracas
1835-9 Confederation of Bolivia and Peru, under Santa Cruz
1840 Accession of Peter II as emperor of Brazil
1844 Independence of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), from Haiti
1844-51 First presidency of Ramón Castilla in Peru (second, 1855-62)
1845-8 Mexican -American War, ending with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1850 Death of San Martín
1852 Rosas driven from power in Buenos Aires
1853 Argentine federalist constitution
1855 Final exit of Santa Anna from politics in Mexico
1857 Reform (liberal) constitution of Mexico
1860s Beginning of boom in Latin America
1863-7 Reign of the Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico
1863-70 War of the Triple Alliance
1870 Rise of Republican party in Brazil
1870s Beginning of large (especially southern
European emigration to Latin America (continuing
until early twentieth century). Revival of foreign lending to, and investment
in, Latin
America. Start of major railway building, and of industrialization in form
of small factories.
Beginnings of organized labor. Rising influence of positivism
1871 "Free-womb" law in Brazil
1877 Beginning of Porfriato ( the age of Porfirio Díaz) in Mexico
1878-84 War of the Pacific
1886 Abolition of slavery Cuba
1887 Statue of Cuauhtemoc erected in Mexico City
1888 Abolition of slavery in Brazil
1889 Abdication of Peter II in Brazil, under military pressure. Brazil proclaimed a republic
1891 Federal constitution in Brazil
1898 Spanish-American War. Independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico
1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia
1903-14 Panama Canal built
1910 "Plan of San Luis Potosí" issued in Mexico by Francisco Madero
1911 End of Profiriato in Mexico. Madero assumes presidency
1913 Madero removed from Mexican
presidency by military coup, and killed. Beginning of
great violence of Mexican revolution (lasting until 1915)
1917 Mexican constitution, statist
and nationalist, replacing that of 1857. Election of Venustiano
Carranza as president of Mexico
1920 Flight, and death, of Carranza
in Mexico. Election of Alvaro Obregón to Mexican
presidency
1920s Rising political influence of working
class in most of Latin America. United States now the
dominant financial and economic influence in Latin America.
1929 Crash of stock market in New
York. Beginning of economic depression.